Ukuvela Nokubaluleka Kwezibani Zekhanda Ekuvikelekeni Kwezimoto

Kusukela kwasungulwa izimoto,izibani zangaphambiliziye zavela endleleni elula yokukhanyisa umgwaqo ebusuku zaya engxenyeni eyinkimbinkimbi edlala indima ebalulekile ekuphepheni nasekuklanyweni kwezimoto. Njengenye yezinhlelo zokukhanyisa ezibaluleke kakhulu emotweni, izibani zangaphambili azigcini nje ngokuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwabashayeli kodwa futhi zenza izimoto zibonakale kakhudlwana kwabahamba ngezinyawo, abagibeli bamabhayisikili, nabanye abashayeli—ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho ukukhanya okuphansi khona, isimo sezulu esingesihle, noma ekuseni nakusihlwa.

Izinsuku zokuqala zezibani zezimoto zaziphawulwa ngokulula nokulinganiselwa. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, izimoto zokuqala zazithembele kumalambu kawoyela noma amalambu egesi, afana nalawo asetshenziswa ezinqoleni ezidonswa amahhashi. Lezi zibani zazikhiqiza ukukhanya okulufifi, okucwayizayo okwenza kungabonakali, okwenza ukushayela ebusuku kube umsebenzi oyingozi. Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izibani zangaphambili zikagesi zaqala ukushintsha ezandulele zazo ezisekelwe ekushiseni. Izibani zokuqala zikagesi, ezethulwa ngo-1912, kwakuyizibani ze-incandescent ezinikezwa amandla ebhethri yemoto, enikeza umthombo wokukhanya okhanyayo futhi ongaguquki. Nokho, base benezihibe: badla amandla abalulekile, bakhiqiza ukushisa, nokukhanya kwabo kwancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Emashumini eminyaka adlule, ukuthuthuka kwezobuchwepheshe kuguqule ukwakheka nokusebenza kwezibani zangaphambili. Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwethulwa izibani zangaphambili ze-sealed-beam, ezihlanganisa isibani, isibonisi esikhanyayo, namalensi abe yiyunithi eyodwa. Lo mklamo wathuthukisa ukuqina futhi wanciphisa izidingo zokunakekela, njengoba yonke inhlangano yashintshwa lapho isibani sisha. Ngawo-1980, kwavela izibani zangaphambili eziyinhlanganisela, okuvumela isitayela esivumelana nezimo kanye nokusabalalisa ukukhanya okungcono. Lezi zibani zangaphambili zihlukanise isibani kusibonisi kanye nelensi, okwenze abenzi bezimoto bakwazi ukudala amadizayini ashelelezayo, ashintshashintshayo emoyeni kuyilapho bethuthukisa ukukhanya okukhiphayo.

Namuhla, izimoto zesimanje zifakwe ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bezibani zangaphambili, ngayinye inikezela ngezinzuzo ezihlukile. Izibani zangaphambili ze-halogen, ezasakazeka kabanzi ngawo-1970, zisebenzisa i-tungsten filament evalelwe isibani esigcwele igesi halogen. Ziyakwazi ukuthengeka, kulula ukuzishintsha, futhi zinikeza ukukhanya okufudumele, okuphuzi okujwayelekile kubashayeli abaningi. Nokho, awawongi amandla amancane futhi anesikhathi esifushane sokuphila uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe obusha.

Amalambu e-Xenon HID (High-Intensity Discharge), owethulwe ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, amele ukugxumela phambili okubalulekile. Lezi zibani zisebenzisa i-arc kagesi phakathi kwama-electrode amabili kusibani esigcwele igesi i-xenon ukukhiqiza ukukhanya okukhanyayo, okumhlophe okulingisa ngokuseduze ukukhanya kwemini kwemvelo. Izibani zangaphambili ze-HID zinikeza ukubonakala okungcono, ububanzi obude, nokusebenzisa amandla aphansi kunama-halogen bulb. Baphinde baphile isikhathi eside, okubenza babe ukukhetha okudumile ezimotweni zikanokusho nezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Nokho, izindleko zabo eziphakeme kanye nokucwebezela okungase kube khona kubashayeli abazayo kuyizithiyo eziphawulekayo.

Okusha kwakamuva kubuchwepheshe bamalambu amalambu eLED (Light-Emitting Diode) amalambu. Ama-LED angamadivayisi e-semiconductor akhipha ukukhanya lapho umsinga kagesi udlula kuwo. Awonga kakhulu amandla, adla amandla angaphansi kwangama-80% kunama-halogen bulb, futhi anesikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphila—ngokuvamile ahlala impilo yonke yemoto. Amalambu e-LED akhiqiza ukukhanya okucwebezelayo, okumhlophe okwenza ukugqama kwehle futhi kunciphise ukungezwani kwamehlo kubashayeli. Ukwengeza, usayizi wabo ohlangene uvumela abakhiqizi be-automakers ukuthi baklame ubujamo belambu eliyinkimbinkimbi, okunezela ekukhangweni kobuhle bemoto. Izinhlelo eziningi zesimanje ze-LED ziphinde zibe nobuchwepheshe obuguquguqukayo, njenge-adaptive front-lighting systems (AFS), elungisa isiqondiso nobukhulu bokukhanya ngokusekelwe kwijubane lemoto, i-engeli yokuqondisa, nezimo ezizungezile. Isibonelo, lapho ujika, i-AFS inyakazisa izibani zangaphambili ukuze zikhanyise ijika, ithuthukise ukubonakala emagopheni.

Ngaphandle kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izibani zangaphambili nazo zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokunciphisa ukubenyezela. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) kanye ne-United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), babeka izindinganiso zokukhanya kwe-headlight, iphethini ye-beam, nokubeka. Le mithethonqubo ihlose ukulinganisa isidingo sokubonakala okwanele komshayeli kanye nokuvikelwa kwethrafikhi ezayo ekukhanyeni okweqile, okungabangela ubumpumputhe besikhashana futhi kwandise ingozi yezingozi.

Ukubaluleka kwamalambu ekuphepheni kwezimoto angeke kugcizelelwe. Ngokusho kweNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), amaphesenti abalulekile ezingozi zomgwaqo enzeka phakathi nezimo zokukhanya okuphansi, futhi ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezibani kunganciphisa ingcuphe yalezi zingozi. Ngaphandle kokukhanyisa umgwaqo, amalambu aphinde abonise ukuba khona kwemoto kwabanye, okubalulekile esimweni sezulu esingesihle njengemvula, inkungu noma iqhwa. Ezinye izimoto zesimanje ziphinde zibe namalambu akhanya emini (DRLs), okungamalambu akhanya kancane ahlala ekhanya emini ho.